Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. It affects hundreds of thousands of women each year, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where access to screening and vaccination remains limited. In 2022 alone, approximately 662,000 new cases were diagnosed globally, and around 349,000 women lost their lives to the disease.

Cervical cancer begins when abnormal cells grow in the lining of the cervix. Most cases are linked to long-term infections caused by high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through intimate contact. If the infection does not clear naturally, it can gradually cause healthy cervical cells to become precancerous or cancerous over several years.

Because cervical cancer often develops slowly and shows few early symptoms, regular screening and prompt treatment are crucial for prevention and early detection.

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1. Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

Unusual bleeding may occur between menstrual periods, after intercourse, or following menopause. This can happen when weakened blood vessels in the cervix break easily due to cancerous changes. Although such bleeding can be caused by other conditions, persistent or worsening symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

2. Unusual Vaginal Discharge

Some discharge is normal, but changes in color, texture, or odor may signal an issue. Watch for watery, pink, or brown discharge with a strong or foul smell, or a noticeable increase in volume. Any significant changes should be discussed with a gynecologist.

3. Persistent Pelvic Pain or Discomfort

Pelvic pain unrelated to ovulation or menstruation could be an early warning sign. If you experience persistent pressure or sharp pain in the lower abdomen, lower back, or hips, it’s important to consult your doctor for evaluation.

4. Pain During Intercourse

Pain or discomfort during sex can occur when cancer affects the cervix or surrounding tissues. While there are many possible causes, recurring pain during intercourse should never be ignored and warrants medical attention.

5. Unexplained Weight Loss and Fatigue

Sudden weight loss and ongoing fatigue can occur with various conditions, including cervical cancer. These symptoms indicate that your body may be using energy to fight an underlying illness and should be checked by a healthcare provider.

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Prevention and Early Detection

Prevention remains the most effective approach to reducing cervical cancer risk. Regular Pap smears and HPV testing help detect precancerous changes early. The HPV vaccine—recommended for preteens aged 11 to 12—provides strong protection against the most dangerous HPV strains. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding smoking, practicing safe sex, and keeping up with medical checkups also play a major role in prevention.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a healthcare provider if you notice unusual symptoms or changes in your body.